Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell (PART - 2)

I-V Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell

From Figure 1 (Click Here), the current generated in the solar cell by the current source (IL) is proportional to the amount of light falling on it. When there is no load connected to the output Vo, almost all of the generated current flows through diode D. The resistors Rs and Rsh represent small losses due to the connections and leakage respectively. There is very little change in Voc for most instances of load current. However, if a load is connected to the output then the load draws current away from the diode D. As the load current increases more and more, current is diverted away from the diode D.

So, as the output load varies, so does the output current while the output voltage Voc remains largely constant. That is until so much current is being drawn by the load that diode D becomes insufficiently biased and the voltage across it diminishes with increasing load. This results in I‐V characteristics as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1: I-V Characteristics of PV Cell for various insolation levels

Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell (PART 1)

Equivalent Circuit of a Photovoltaic Cell

Mathematical Model of PV System

To understand the electronic behaviour of a solar cell, it is useful to create a model which is electrically equivalent, and is based on discrete electrical components whose behaviour is well known. An ideal solar cell may be modelled by a current source in parallel with a diode; in practice no solar cell is ideal, so a shunt resistance and a series resistance component are added to the model. The resulting equivalent circuit of a solar cell is shown in figure 1 below:

Figure 1

Characteristic equation

From the equivalent circuit it is evident that the current produced by the solar cell is equal to that produced by the current source, minus that which flows through the diode, minus that which flows through the shunt resistor:

The current through these elements is governed by the voltage across them:

Substituting these into the first equation produces the characteristic equation of a solar cell, which relates solar cell parameters to the output current and voltage:

Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current

When the cell is operated at open circuit, I = 0 and the voltage across the output terminals is defined as the open-circuit voltage. Assuming the shunt resistance is high enough to neglect the final term of the characteristic equation, the open-circuit voltage Voc is:

Similarly, when the cell is operated at short circuit, V = 0 and the current I through the terminals is defined as the short-circuit current. It can be shown that for a high-quality solar cell (low Rs and Io, and high Rsh) the short circuit current Isc is :

NOTE: It should be noted that it is not possible to extract any power from the device when operating at either open circuit or short circuit conditions.

Introduction

Solar power is a renewable source of energy, which has become increasingly popular in modern times. A shift away from conventionally-fuelled systems towards greater use of renewable energy fuel sources is needed to manage its increasing usage and associated adverse environmental and human health impacts. Solar powered systems suppress polluting gas emissions within urban areas. These systems utilize electrical power generation from solar energy, reducing the demand from power generating stations using non-renewable fuel sources.

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